The Case Of Paul Kornak - 1134 Words

In the case of Paul Kornak, he was found guilty on multiple accounts. He plead guilty to three criminal charges which are as follows, materially false statement, mail fraud and criminally negligent homicide. Kornak filled out an application for employment with the VA and falsely filled out that he had never been convicted or placed on probation. This was not true as he was convicted in 1993 for obtaining a false medical license and had to serve 3 years of probation. Kornak was employed by Stratton VA Medical Center in the oncology research program where he was a coordinator for the atherosclerosis study and a bladder cancer study. Throughout these two studies he submitted documentation about patients that was false and allowed subjects who did not follow protocol, to enter studies. He was charged with criminally negligent homicide when a study subject died. Kornak used false results stating that the individual blood analysis supported that the subject was able to go through with t he study, which was taking chemotherapeutic drugs. The actual results showed that the participate kidneys and liver were below average functioning levels, thus the patient should not have been allowed to go on with the study. Kornak admitted to the above charges. According to the case summary completed by the office of research integrity, Kornak was charged with a lifetime debarment to â€Å"protect the public interest overall† this is due to â€Å"his longstanding pattern of criminal behavior and his

Roger David Kornberg And The Biological Synthesis

Roger David Kornberg was born on September 24, 1947 in St. Louis, Missouri as the oldest of Arthur Kornberg and Sylvy Ruth Levy’s three sons. He grew up with very strong science roots as both of his parents were renowned scientists; his mother was a biochemist while his father, also a biochemist, gained notoriety as for his award-winning contribution to the science field. Like how Roger Kornberg would later achieve, Arthur Kornberg co-won the Nobel Prize (1959) in the division of Physiology or Medicine for discovering mechanisms involved in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Roger mentioned the significance that his parents’ careers had on his upbringing in an interview, stating that everything—from leisure activities to dinner conversations—revolved around the world of science. This early influence carried on further in to his life, as Kornberg eventually matriculated to Harvard University to study chemistry. He earned his bachelorâ €™s degree in 1967 and resumed his education as a graduate student at Stanford University. There, in 1972, he obtained his Ph.D. in chemical physics. Kornberg’s affiliation with Stanford brought him back in 1978 as a professor in structural biology; the six years since earning his Ph.D. having been spent on post-grad work in Cambridge University (England) and as an assistant professor in Harvard Medical School, where he conducted research in the field of molecular biology and taught biochemistry, respectively. He won his

Descartes’ Dualism Free Essays

The concept of Dualism or the theory that there is a division between the mind and the body is not a novel one. It originated as early as the time of Plato and Aristotle. Rene Descartes’ concept of Dualism, otherwise known as Cartesian Dualism, is considered one of his greatest contributions in the history of philosophy. We will write a custom essay sample on Descartes’ Dualism or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was the first to argue that the mind is a non-material entity which is distinct and separate from the brain. He also identified the mind with concepts such as self-awareness and self-consciousness. It is widely regarded that the sharp division between the mind and the body is the most basic fact of our human existence. This essay will focus on Descartes’ concept of Dualism. The very foundations of his philosophy which led him to the theory of dualism will likewise be tackled. Concepts such as Cogito Ergo Sum will also be discussed since it serves as the foundation for Cartesian dualism. At the concluding part of this paper, I intend to state my position on Descartes’ Dualism Descartes’ Dualism In his work, Meditations, Descartes began his journey by clearing the mind of all the rubbish knowledge that had been handed down from generations to generations. He was aware that the ideas of his contemporaries were all shaped by biases and prejudices. He challenged himself to eliminate these prejudices so that he could arrive at the very foundations of knowledge. He also refused to accept the Aristotelian and Scholastic philosophy which had dominated the traditional philosophical thought throughout the Medieval Period. (â€Å"Rene Descartes†) He thought that if true knowledge is to be attained then we must start from the very foundation of our knowledge. He thus began his philosophy by doubting everything that he could not be certain. Descartes doubted everything around him. He doubted the existence of the physical universe and even his body. He thought that it is very much possible that he could be hallucinating about the existence of this physical world or his physical self. He even doubted his senses, to wit: â€Å"All that I have, up to this moment, accepted as possessed of the highest truth and certainty, I received either from or through the senses. I observed, however, that these sometimes misled us; and it is the part of prudence not to place absolute confidence in that by which we have even once been deceived. † He cautioned us not to trust everything that our senses tell us since they are deceiving. He even argued that there is a thin line that separates the walking state from the dreaming state – meaning, we cannot be actually certain whether as of the moment we are imagining or not. (Bryan Kidd) Descartes argued that on many occasions, he had actually thought that he was awake when in reality he was merely dreaming. It is possible, according to him that our whole life could be a dream. He also questioned the truths of logic and reason since it is possible that he could be deceived by a demon which has the power to make things appear to be logical. Despite all these skepticisms, Descartes argued that there is one thing that he could be certain of and that is he doubted. The mere fact that he was uncertain whether he is dreaming or awake manifests that he is in a state of doubt. If he doubted then this could only mean that he is thinking. Because he is thinking, then he is a thinking being. Thus â€Å"Cogito Ergo Sum† or â€Å"I think therefore I am. † This expression summarizes Descartes philosophy. Unlike his contemporaries who adopted the philosophical attitude of skepticism and began to doubt everything, Descartes believed that in reality it is not possible for us to doubt everything. But it is possible to arrive at true knowledge of certain things. Descartes proceeds to argue that he is sure that he has a mind that exists. Since he has a mind that thinks then it follows that the mind could exist separately from the body. He argues that he is sure that he has a mind but he still is not sure about the existence of his body since it is possible for him to be in a state of delusion still. It is possible for him to doubt that his body exists but it is not possible for him to doubt that his mind exists. He then concludes that he has a mind that is distinct from the body. He then proceeds to make a distinction between the mind and the body. The body is unconscious and is only an extension which takes up room in space while the mind which is conscious and does not take up room. The body is divisible and is subjected to the laws of physical science. The mind, on the other hand, is indivisible and is not subjected to the laws of physical science. We know that the body exists because we can perceive it. On the other hand, we know that the mind exists because of intuition. â€Å"The Argument for Mind/Body Dualism: Descartes†) Despite these differences, however, Descartes is assured after sufficient reflection that the body exists because God gave us sufficient senses of perception and the capacity to distinguish what is real from what is not. In Meditation VI, Descartes states that: â€Å" For there can be no doubt that God possesses the power of producing all the objects I am abl e distinctly to conceive, and I never considered anything impossible to him, unless when I experienced a contradiction in the attempt to conceive it aright. Further, the faculty of imagination which I possess, and of which I am conscious that I make use when I apply myself to the consideration of material things, is sufficient to persuade me of their existence. † The fundamental problem with dualism is how does the mind, which is non material and is not subjected to the laws of nature, interact with the body, which is material and is subjected to the laws of nature. It is a reality that the mind is able to influence and affect the body. The same is true with the body which can affect the mind. Descartes attempted this solve this problem in his letter to Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine, he explained that there is an organ that links the mind from the body which is the pineal gland, a small gland in the center of the brain. With the help of this gland, the mind can control the body by sending signals to the body which enables it to walk, run or sit. Descartes emphasized however that the end goal of man is for reason to get control of the body. Since the body is associated with passions and feelings it is important for the mind to take control so that it will be able to behave rationally and rise above the needs of the body. Comments on Descartes’ Philosophy Descartes’ flirtation with the Mind and Body problem is a thorny issue which is full of complications. This is because scientific evidence itself is against this view. They consider that that the mind and the body are only one thing. From the scientists’ point of view, what Descartes’ called as the activities in the mind which is caused by non-material processes is actually caused by the neurological and chemical reactions in the brain. Nevertheless, I fully argue with his concept of dualism. The mind is not simply a result of the chemical reactions in the brain. Consciousness and self-awareness are concepts that are beyond the capacity of the material body to comprehend. Also, I believe in the immortality of the human soul which is the theory that the soul continues to exist even after it is separated from the body. The dualism of Descartes sufficiently explains why the soul continues to exist after the person dies and why it is not affected by the processes in the body. On Descartes’ theory that it is difficult to determine whether one is awake or sound asleep, I find the same to be very objectionable. I believe that if a person is thinking, perceiving, feeling, drawing inferences and making conclusions then one can be certain that he is awake and that he is not dreaming. According to Descartes, on several occasions, he had actually thought that he was awake when in reality he was merely dreaming. I believe that it is erroneous for one to say that one cannot tell the difference between being in a state of dream and being awake. Indeed it is not possible to state that a person is awake when he is really asleep precisely because when one is reflecting or thinking then he is not asleep. It would not be possible for a person to think when he is sleeping or dreaming. When one feels something then it is not possible for him to be dreaming. Indeed, experiencing the sensations of pain and pleasure are manifestations that one is awake and is not dreaming. How to cite Descartes’ Dualism, Papers

Disciple Of Paul Aristotle Correct Essay Example For Students

Disciple Of Paul: Aristotle Correct Essay Disciple of Paul: Aristotle correctAristotle: Yes, and you are?Disciple of Paul: I am a Christian disciple of Paul. It is an honor to meet you. Aristotle: why thank you. Now Pual, he was an apostle of Jesus and a leader of Christianity correct?Disciple of Paul: Yes he is known as the greatest missionaries of the early church. He endured sickness, rejection, and repeated attacks on his life to bring the message of Gods grace and forgiveness to gentiles. And yes Paul was largely responsible for the solid inception and growth of Christianity. Aristotle: You said a messenger of Gods grace. May I assume that you see Jesus as God on earth?Disciple of Paul: Of course. We believe Jesus is the form in which God took here on earth. Why, does this trouble you in any way?Aristotle: Well first you must understand this. I believe matter and form exist as one. But only form can present without matter. Matter cannot be present with out form. It is my belief that God exists in pure actuality. He exists in form, God, with the absence of matter, Jesus. In other words, God is only God, he is the first of all substances, and there is no formatio n of him on earth. Disciple of Paul: That is all very interesting, but it is Jesus who elected his people, and it is they who fulfilled the requirement of responding in faith. When I say elected I mean it is God speaking to his people, choosing them, as a part of his pre determined plan. Do you believe that your life is pre determined?Aristotle: No not really. It is everybody’s responsibility to live a good life and to be successful. There are those that are blessed with luck, but I do not believe God intrudes upon everybody’s life. Disciple of Paul: Then by what I am hearing success to you is very different. I find success in living out Gods words. It was revealed to us through Jesus that our mission was to follow God and have faith, and as a result good will come to us. Aristotle: You are right in that I believe differently. Happiness is the ultimate goal of life, and living is the process in which to get there. Anything astray from trying to achieve happiness I woul d consider a sin. Which is probably much different from what you would consider to be sin. Disciple of Paul: Sin or hamartia, in a sense, is right among us in the way that you think. I am not trying to be mean, but Paul says sin is the refusal to recognize God. You may not be aware of it but you do this when you say that Jesus is not the human form in which God has taken here on earth. Aristotle: I do not necessarily refuse to recognize God, I just don’t think that sin has any relation to God. My belief in God is centered on our existence as humans, not in the way we live our day-to-day lives. I see God as the initiator of existence. Because everything is the result of some kind of motion and change cannot occur by itself, the motion had to have started at one point. This is what I call God, or the Prime Mover, in other words. Disciple of Paul: In some ways that is very similar to what I believe about God as the creator, in that God not only was responsible for the initial motion but God created the world as we know it. Beginning with Adam and Eve and so on as explained in Genesis. Aristotle: Well, it was very nice speaking with you. Good luck in your life of faith to God. Disciple of Paul: You as well, and I hope you are able to reach ultimate happiness. Philosophy Essays